The Canterbury Tales The Wife Of Baths Prologue And Tale Essay Example For Students

The Canterbury Tales The Wife Of Baths Prologue And Tale Essay The Canterbury Tales The Wife of Baths Prologue and TaleStruggle For Female Equality in The Wife of Baths Prologue and TaleWhen Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales, the social structure of his world was changing rapidly. Chaucer himself was a prime example of new social mobility being granted to members of the emerging middle class. He had opportunities to come into contact not only with earthy characters from varied ports of call, but with the wealthy nobility. He was also married to a knights daughter, someone of higher birth than himself, a clear demonstration of a more lenient class structure (pp. 76 77*). As a member of this changing society, Chaucer had a keen perception of the attitudes and philosophies which were emerging and shaping the roles specific to peoples lives. Among these were ideas and customs which had dictated extremely subservient lives for women. One of his characters, the Wife of Bath, contradicts many of these oppressive customs and asserts her own overbeari ng assessment of the roles of women in society and in relationships. However, while apparently attempting to assert female dominance over men, the effect the Wife desires is to bring men and women to a more balanced level of power. We will write a custom essay on The Canterbury Tales The Wife Of Baths Prologue And Tale specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now No attempt to change the minds of others with regard to social order could possibly be effective without a statement of the shortcomings of the current order. This is where the Wife may often be written off as a shrew-like bombast simply spouting her dissatisfaction. She does, however, state several clever examples of how her society currently treats women unfairly. She states that double standards for women and men are too common and are deeply rooted in culture. She says that the teachings of Christ tell her, That by the same ensample taughte he me / That I ne sholde wedded be but ones (p. 117, ll. 12-13). She knows though that many holy men have had more than one wife and states:I woot wel Abraham was an holy man, And Jacob eek, as fer as evere I can, And eech of hem hadde wives mo than two, And many another holy man also. (p. 118, ll. 61-64)In this manner, the wife addresses and dispels the justification for looking down on women who have been married more than once. She shows th at they are comparable in morals to men who have also had more than one spouse. Women are also subject to what would now be termed Catch 22s in their relationships with men. These inescapable paradoxes from which men are exempt are also part of what the wife believes is keeping women subservient. As part of her invective against one of her husbands, the wife explains how women are often put in no-win situations. She says, And if that she be fair, thou verray knave, / Thou saist that every holour wol hire have (p. 122, ll. 259-60). She then shows how women are stigmatized even if they are ugly, because then they become the ones with voracious sexual appetites:And if that she be foul, thou saist that se Coviteth every man she may see; For as a spaniel she wol on him lepe, Til that she finde som man hire to chepe. (p. 173, ll. 271-74)No matter what the womans characteristics, men employ a double standard that prevents her from realizing virtue. Of five housbondes scoleying am I, (p.118, l. 51) the wife explains in order to show the experience from which she makes her bid for change in relationships between men and women. She also states that three of them were old and rich and two young and wild. The older ones, she says, were good because she could bring them under her control through her tirades against the ways women are treated. Further, once they had passed on, she was left with enough property and wealth to ensure that she was comfortable. But she does not achieve her goal until later when she actually fights with her fifth husband and, by requiring him to admit her dominance, brings them to an even level in their relationship. .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 , .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 .postImageUrl , .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 , .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7:hover , .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7:visited , .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7:active { border:0!important; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7:active , .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7 .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b24a59bd3ba6096353f8ab027d470b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Theology Analysis EssayThe wife explains that the fifth husband was particularly cruel in his assessment of wives. He also asserted his dominance over the wife by showing off his education in a particularly nasty manner. He reads to her from a book of wicked wives. The fight that eventually brings them together is begun when, out of pure frustration and anger, the wife rips three pages out of his book. The quarrel turns physical but leads to the husbands realization that he must yield to her. Once this occurs, though, he and the wife enter into a new level in their relationship where they respect and are kind to each other:After that day we hadde nevere debat. God help me so, I was to him as kinde As any wif from Denmark unto Inde, And also trewe and so was he to me. (p. 135, ll. 828-31)The wife then achieves what she wanted through all her shrewish behavior: the realization of a relationship in which the partners mutually respect each other and share the power. The realism of the wifes life with five husbands, the cruelty, and the eventual understanding she reaches with number five are all mirrored in the witty tale she tells. She begins by showing how, even under the rule of King Arthur and his chivalrous knights, women are at the mercy of men by having the knight rape a young maid. Immediately, though she begins to weave in her philosophy by showing that the queen could get the king to leave the knights life in her hands. Further, the task given the knight by the queen, to find out What thing it is that women most desiren (p. 136, l. 911), is important because in reality very little attention is paid to what women want. This places the focus of the story on womens needs rather than mens. The relationship that develops between the knight and the hag also illustrates the wifes intention of showing that submission to the desires and needs of women does not result in the male being dominated. Actually, the end result is again two people who are happy and secure in their love for one another and respectful of each others power. The knight concedes in the end that he is not able to choose between having her ugly and trustworthy or beautiful and lecherous. He finally gives her the power to decide for the two of them what would be the best:My lady and my love, and wif so dere, I putte me in youre wise governaunce: Cheseth yourself which may be most plisaunce And most honor to you and me also. (p. 143, ll. 1236-39)In conceding this point of choice and giving the woman power, the wife shows how the knight gains both choices and both become happy together:For by my trouthe, I wol be to you bothe This is to sayn, ye bothe fair and good . . . (p.143, ll. 1246-47) And she obeyed h im in every thing That might do him pleasance or liking And thus they live unto hir lives ende In parfit joye. (p. 144, ll.1261-64)The end result for both the wife and the characters in her tale is that they become happy. Of course, that is what anyone trying to extoll a new way of thinking would say. However, this disproves the idea that the character of the wife is merely a lascivious old woman who cannot hold her tongue. To be sure, her intention lies buried beneath a mound of sarcasm and purposefully derogatory invective. The purpose in this facade may be to disguise the point of equality in relationships or to show that the wife believes that the only way for the happy medium to be achieved is to have the pendulum swing the other way for a while. .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 , .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 .postImageUrl , .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 , .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006:hover , .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006:visited , .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006:active { border:0!important; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006:active , .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006 .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u75d568ea16a533a50dfa6b9522b8e006:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Liberal arts Essay PaperHowever, she only believes this to be necessary temporarily. After the men in her accounts have succumbed to the powers of the women, the power-pendulum comes to a rest in the middle. The wife explains that she and her husband no longer fought and that they lived in peace until he passed on. The knight, by letting down his guard to the hag, also gains wedded bliss. Of course the wife has to explain the circumstances which make the world unfair for women. This makes her case for equality even more convincing to anyone who appreciates fairness. Nevertheless, the ultimate goal for her is not merely to engage in man bashing. Therefore, writing off the w ife as merely bombastic, lewd and domineering is only skimming the surface of her obviously deeper mental waters. Underneath the rhetoric and clever reasoning is a more sensitive person who understands the value of balancing the power in relationships.

Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Pregnancy, Labor and Birth Essays

Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Pregnancy, Labor and Birth Essays Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Pregnancy, Labor and Birth Paper Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Pregnancy, Labor and Birth Paper Child abuse is a common problem worldwide. The abuse can be in the form of physical, emotional, sexual or verbal offence. Both boys and girls can be victims of child abuse, a devastating trauma which can lead to long term negative outcomes in future life. In girls, child sexual abuse can contribute to many physical and health related problems, especially during vulnerable times like pregnancy. These problems can have adverse effects on the pregnancy and the newborn too. Research has shown that appropriate intervention at the right time by health professionals including midwives can prevent complications and enhance the outcome of pregnancy. Hence it becomes important to identify mothers with past history of sexual abuse so that appropriate care and support can be provided at the right time for the well-being of the mother and the child. This essay aims to research into the outcomes of childhood sexual abuse on pregnancy, delivery and postpartum and also into the role of midwife while dealing with mothers with previous history of sexual abuse. Introduction The definition of childhood sexual abuse or CSA varies greatly. While some definitions include only rape or attempt to rape, others include contact and non-contact abusive episodes also. According to the Royal Womens Hospital (2009), â€Å"sexual assault is any sexual behaviour that makes a person feel uncomfortable, frightened or threatened. † This includes touching, fondling, kissing, being made to look at, or pose for pornographic photos, voyeurism, exhibitionism and sexual harassment. According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (1995; qtd. in Coles, 2006), child sexual abuse is â€Å"any act which exposes the child to, or involves a child in, sexual processes beyond his or her understanding or contrary to accepted community standards. † The cut off age for CSA varies with some surveys considering 16 years as the cutoff-age and other considering 18 years (Leeners et al, 2007). It is difficult to assess the prevalence and incidence of CSA because many cases go unreported. However, it has been estimated that 20% of all women experience CSA (Wijma et al, 2003). According to a recent Australian study by Gilson and Lancaster (2008), the prevalence of physical and or sexual abuse before the age of 16 years is 20. 5%. CSA is important not only because of the immediate devastating physical, mental and emotional consequences, but also because of the long term impact it exerts on the over-all health and also the psychological functioning of the affected woman (Leeners et al, 2007). Research has shown that about 96% of women suffer from long term consequences (Leeners et al, 2007). Impact of CSA on pregnancy CSA can lead to certain general health problems in the woman which can continue through pregnancy and delivery. They are abdominal pain, pelvic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, vaginal pain, dysuria, pelvic infammatory disease, headaches, breast pain, back pain and other musculoskeletal pains (Coles, 2006). These problems may be related either to actual infection, physical trauma, somatization, chronic stress, mental health issues or maladaptive behaviours. CSA can also contribute to the development of health-risk behaviours like alcohol abuse, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, intercourse at an early age and multiple sexual partnership (Coles, 2006). Several studies have revealed that survivors of sexual abuse in childhood or adolescence are at risk for high-risk sexual activities when compared to those who have not suffered an abuse (Hulme, 2000 and Kendall-Tackett, 2003; qtd. in Kendall-Tackett, 2007). Such activities increase chances of unplanned pregnancies, teenage pregnancies, unwanted pregnancies and late prenatal care. There are some reports that abused women tend to smoke and have other health-related problems than non-abused women (Kendall-Tackett, 2007). Women who have suffered from physical and sexual abuse tend to relate negative feelings to pregnancy more frequently than women who are not abused (Jundt, 2009). Past history of abuse can cause depression and post-traumatic stress disorder which can again affect pregnancy. Other mental-health related problems include eating disorders, dissociation, somatisation, personality disorders, self-mutilation and suicidal attempts (Coles, 2006). Women who suffer from such mental conditions tend to suffer from more pregnancy-related complications and neonatal complications. They are also at increased risk for obstetric interventions like cesarean section, forceps application, epidural anesthesia, and vacuum extraction. Seng et al (2001; qtd. in Kendall-Tackett, 2007) reported that women with post-traumatic stress disorder had higher odds ratios for spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, hyperemesis, excessive fetal growth and preterm contractions. Dissociation due to CSA may lead to overseeing of certain early symptoms and signs of obstetric complications like prematue contractions, vaginal spotting and decreased fetal movements (Leeners et al, 2006). Research has shown that maternal history of sexual abuse in childhood can increase the risk of prenatal and postnatal complications in the mother and postnatal complications in the infant. However, it may not contribute to perinatal complications in the infant (Mohler at al, 2008). According to Grimstad and Schei (1999; qtd. in Coles, 2006), babies born to CSA mother are at increased risk of low-birth weight and prematurity. Other complications include preeclampsia and hypertension, intrauterine growth retardation, premature rupture of membranes, vaginal bleeding, postmaturity, drug abuse in pregnancy, gestational diabetes and trauma directed to pregnant uterus (Grimstad and Schei, 1999). Impact of CSA on delivery Research has shown that women who have experienced sexual abuse previously are at increased risk of extreme fear during delivery. Eberhard-Gran et al (2008) studied the occurrence of extreme fear in labour in the context of previous history of sexual abuse. Their study revealed that about 3% of women in the study group developed extreme fear during labour and one third of these women suffered from sexual abuse in the past suggesting a strong correlation between sexual abuse and extreme fear during labour. The pain during labour can trigger past memories of sexual abuse wherein the women suffered the trauma in a powerless and helpless situation and these memories can instigate severe feelings of fear. Impact of CSA on breast feeding and parenting in the post-partum period Childhood abuse increases the risk of postpartum mental health problems. Neonatal blues and postpartum depression, the most common mental conditions after delivery are exaggerated in those with past history of abuse. In a 3-year follow-up study of Australian mothers by Buist and Janson (2001; qtd. in Kendall-Tackett, 2007), it was found that 50% of mothers suffered from childhood sexual abuse and these women had higher scores for severe depression, anxiety and life stresses when compared to depressive women with no past history of abuse. It is evident from research that women who have experienced abuse in the past can have difficult relationships with partners and hence may not receive appropriate support from the partner in the crucial period which further contributes to depression, anger and frustration (Coles, 2006). Also, many abused women are single, divorced or have step parents and thus may not receive proper support from families too (Coles, 2006). All these factors, coupled with the stress of handling the newborn baby and also the physical exhaustion of delivery further contribute to worsening mental condition of the woman in the postpartum period. Breast feeding can trigger dissociation, panic attacks and flashbacks into sexual abuse in childhood (Beck, 2009). It can contribute to poststraumatic stress disorder, emotional distress, cognitive distortions, interpersonal difficulties, avoidance and other health-related problems (Kendall-Tackett, 1998). Becoming a mother is one of the major mile stone in the life of a woman. Pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding are times when past memories of childhood abuse can surface. Normally, these are the times when the beautiful mother-child relationship and bonding occur and lifetime attachments are established (Main and Hesse, 1990; qtd. in Coles, 2006). Early family experiences have a huge impact on the development of parenting skills. Research has shown that abused women have greater difficulties with parenting in the context of poor mental health, deficiency in social support, and economic burden when compared to unabused women (Gilson and Lancaster, 2008). Powerful recall of previous abuse can lead to disruptions in the mother-child relationship and bonding (Coles, 2006). According to Gilson and Lancaster (2008), sexual assault can contribute to worsening anxiety and depression especially in the post partum period and thus compromise on the role of parenting. Lack of energy, inability to concentrate, irritability and difficulty in meeting the babys physical and emotional needs can affect the quality of parenting. Inadequate parenting can lead to emotional disturbance in children. Severe depression in the postpartum period can disturb the interaction between the mother and the child leading to insecure or avoidant attachment which can later lead to several emotional and behavioural problems in the long run like subtle behavioural abnormalities in the form of conduct disorders, oppositional- defiant disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder; and problems with object concept tasks (Murray, 1992). Models to explain the impact of CSA Many theorists have proposed various models to explain the reasons behind the impact of CSA on motherhood. According to post traumatic stress disorder model, abnormal stress hormones and increased sensitivity of the hormone receptors lead to ‘chronic hyperarousal’ which causes the impact (Kendall-Tackett, 2000; qtd. in Coles, 2006). However, the traumatogenic model puts forward that betrayal, stigmatization, powerlessness and traumatic sexualization during CSA is the cause behind diverse psycho-behavioural outcomes during pregnancy (Finkelhor and Browne, 1985; qtd. in Coles, 2006). Whereas, the somatization model proposes that CSA causes psychological distress which transforms into physical symptoms during motherhood (Coles, 2006). Cole and Putman (1992; qtd. in Coles, 2006) developed the ‘developing coping model’ according to which, CSA disrupts primary attachments because of psycho-physical trauma and leads to loss of trust in relationship and feelings of guilt. These in turn have detrimental effects on the self development of the woman. According to the attachment theory (Alexander, 1992; qtd. in Coles, 2006), survivors of CSA develop insecure attachment with other family members and this pattern may be passed on even to their children. Implications for practice Screening for ongoing and past sexual, interpersonal and childhood maltreatments must be incorporated into routine health care by all health care providers including midwives (Klerman et al, 2008). According to Rodgers et al (2003), more research needs to be done to examine the relationship between sexual trauma and poor pregnancy outcome in the context of determinants of this relation. It is essential to routinely screen women with history of sexual abuse so that these women can be identified and measures be taken to provide optimum care and support (Rodgers et al, 2003). Midwives, nurses and other health professionals dealing with pregnant women with past history of maternal abuse must incorporate certain aspects during prenatal care. All women must be asked about history of abuse in the past. Study by Klerman et al (2008) revealed that many women feel it is appropriate for health care providers to ask about childhood sexual violence and that they themselves would not volunteer the information if were not enquired into. Women identified with history of CSA must be told that this form of abuse is more prevalent than they think and it can lead to certain disturbances during pregnancy, delivery and breast feeding due to trigger of memories. Midwives have an important role in bringing up the issue of CSA into open and to allow women to discuss their tragic experiences if they wish to do so. By doing so, midwives can minimize the negative consequences of previous assault on the process of childbearing and parenting. Before performing any procedure, the woman must be informed as what will be done and the purpose of the procedure. The procedure must be started only after obtaining willful consent of the woman. This will help the woman differentiate between the present experience from past trauma in which she was helpless and powerless (Waymire, 1997). During labour, reassurance must be provided to the woman. She must be told that her body is working for her and that the pain she is going through is natural and good pain. This will enable the woman to distinguish the present pain of delivery from the past traumatic pain. While dealing with mothers with past history of sexual abuse, the prenatal programs must address not only basic health needs of the pregnant women, but also must target the abuse sequelae like psychological problems and detrimental health behaviours (Rodgers et al, 2003). This is because; improvement in mental health is associated with decrease in risky behavious and also improvements in physical health (Rodgers et al, 2003). The programs must also include education about risk of stress and other trauma-related problems. The woman must be monitored more frequently to pick up complications at early stages. In the post-partum period, in some women, breast feeding might need to be stopped in order to preserve proper mental health (Beck, 2009). Abused women must be treated with respect and care. These women must not be subjected to unnecessary intrusive interventions. They must be given an opportunity to choose the gender of the health care provider (Stojadinovic, 2003). For many patients, it may be useful to collaborate with mental health professionals to prevent retraumatisation and also to facilitate the process of healing. Support from partner or spouse must be encouraged because research has shown that partner support is a strong protective factor and it buffers depressive symptoms and enhances parenting competence (Wright et al, 2005). Conclusion CSA is a common physical, mental and psychological problem with long term impact on future life. Pregnancy, delivery and postpartum periods can trigger memories of the past trauma and impact the outcomes of the pregnancy. Early identification of mothers with history of sexual abuse is important to deliver proper interventions at the right time. The identification can be done by routine screening in the prenatal period by health professionals like midwives. Mothers with CSA must be handled specially with care and respect, and with minimal intrusive procedures. They must be offered support and counseling throughout pregnancy, delivery and breast feeding. The aim of prenatal programs in such mothers must be early identification of complications and provision of appropriate support so as to establish effective breast feeding and attachment, thus enabling proper and successful parenting. Although abuse against women, be it present or past has a devastating effect throughout the child-bearing cycle, research pertaining to this topic is still in preliminary stages. References Beck, C. T. (2009). An adult survivor of child sexual abuse and her breastfeeding experience: a case study. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. , 34(2), 91-7. Coles, J. Y. (2006). Breastfeeding and Maternal Touch after Childhood Sexual Assault. Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Centre for Health and Society, University of Melbourne. Eberhard-Gran, M. , Slinning, K. , and Eskild, A. (2008). Fear during labor: the impact of sexual abuse in adult life. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. , 29(4), 258-61. Gilson, K. J. , and Lancaster, S. (2008). Childhood sexual abuse in regnanat and parenting adolescents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32, 869- 877. Grimstad, H. and Schei, B. (1999). Pregnancy and delivery for women with history of child abuse. Child abuse and neglect, 23(1), 81-90. Jundt, K. , Haertl, K. , Knobbe, A. , Kaestner, R. , Friese, K. , Peschers, U. M. (2009). Pregnant Women after Physical and Sexual Abuse in Germany. Gynecol Obstet Invest, 68(2), 82-87. Kendall-Tackett K. (1998). Breastfeeding and the sexual abuse survivor. J Hum Lact. , 14(2), 125-30. Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2007). Violence Against Women and the Perinatal Period: The

Microeconomics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Microeconomics - Coursework Example Keeping the cash will mean there will be no gain, but one enjoys a high liquidity preference of their cash. However, the future of the market performance is oblique. In the event inflation hit the economy, the money will have greatly lost its value and one would have wished making an earlier investment on either stock or bonds could have been a better option. Investing their money in either stock or bonds is always dilemmatic. An individual is ever sure of safety of money value invested in government bonds than in corporate stock. The value of government bonds depends on the performance of GDP; it could either decrease or increase annually. Assuming a GDP of 7%, the value of the bond that year would be similar to GDP. In such cases, the stock value is always higher than that of bond by 1% or 2%. A person who decided to invest in corporate stock that year will enjoy accrued savings of their investment at either 8% or 9% while one who invested in bonds will only enjoy 7%. The differenc e of the two becomes the risk premium. Risky situations have a high attached risk premium. There are many mechanisms an individual can explore to minimize risk. To begin with, one can just say no. For example, uncertain luxurious investments to improve one’s status in the society can be avoided. One may have a strong desire to purchase the most coveted natural Cornflower Blue Sapphire.There are two possible outcomes: purchasing a genuine sapphire or duped with a copy. Bearing in mind that one lacks the capacity to distinguish between a genuine and a counterfeit, there are two underlying benefits of varied proportions. If one goes ahead and it is a genuine one, he becomes $ 120 rich otherwise, $10 richer. In such scenario, saying no would avert possible looming risk. Secondly, one can obtain factual information before making a decision. An investor who is interested in a particular corporate stock and lacks information or have scanty facts regarding the stock performance can i nquire before putting life savings into it. Information gathered in light of the corporate stock performance in the past few years or quarters may lead one to make informed decisions. A clear indication of a possible decline in the stock value that particular period would deter one from investing because at the end of the day everyone wants to see the value of their assets rising and with great stability. When one obtains information about something whether it has monetary value or not, the decision made will ultimately avert risk associated with it. Thirdly, an individual can diversify the risk. This can be done when the two events are perfectly negatively correlated (Perloff, 2011). A perfectly negatively correlated event according to Perloff refers to an event where one of the two possible outcomes must happen with great certainty. Assuming the government wants to give the tender to either IBM or Apple to supply its various departments with computers and other accessories during the next financial year. There are two possible outcomes: a win and a loss. It is absolutely clear one company must win the tender. When an individual purchase the shares of the winning company, each share value is $50 otherwise $10. One may then decide to purchase an equal share of each company just to be at the fair edge. Assuming a purchase of 5 shares, the total

Sixth Sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sixth Sense - Essay Example Humans have been fantasizing about the touch screens being displayed on walls and touching them to talk to a friend with his picture or video. This fantasy is soon going to become real after the development of sixth sense technology. Sixth sense is a device which you can wear and it is highly portable. Physical world, around us, is enhanced by the digital world with the help of this technology. Sixth sense technology is a perfect combination of the digital and physical world. It can help you to find out the data about any physical object which is present in the digital world. If you have to find out some information about anything in a shopping mall e.g. you are purchasing a toilet paper and you want to know that which toilet paper company is more responsible toward an environment, sixth sense technology will help you to find out everything. A green, orange or red circle will appear on the object to tell you that whether you should buy this or not. You can also see videos of certain happenings if you are reading a newspaper. You can checkout a person’s information in just one look. All the information present on the internet about any person will be displayed and this includes his/her interests, education and other history. It is a real integration of digital and physical world. Sixth sense technology is a blend of many other existing technologies and they all integrate to perform a lot of functions. In the device of sixth sense technology, there is image capturing, gesture recognition, processing and manipulation. You can capture an image by single, natural hand gesture and this image will be stored in your device. This image can be displayed on any flat surface and then you can edit these images and even resize them. This function involves image capturing, gesture recognition and processing. When you meet some person or look at anything in a market, information about those things will be displayed in front of you

Performance Excellence in Business Operations Essay

Performance Excellence in Business Operations - Essay Example A broad strategy involving minimisation of energy use and climate change impact, a reduction in emissions into the environment, better resource management through recycling and avoidance of substances of concern for the automobile is now necessary for the automobile industry. Automakers must ensure acceptance for their products and diversify fuels used for automobiles. Practical implementation of the automobile industry strategy for the future must involve implementation of environmental control systems based on the ISO 14001, greening of production and logistics, consideration of the vehicle life cycle and a reduction in energy used for manufacturing automobiles. Waste recycling, together with a reduction in the use of water for manufacturing and minimisation of harmful products into the environment supports the desired environmental strategy. Design and innovation focusing on fuel efficiency, recycling, reduction in tailpipe emissions, avoidance of substances of concern and use of renewable resources and materials for automobiles must continue to shape and help sustain the future. Major automobile manufacturers around the world continue to emphasise on the previously mentioned efforts to ensure a future for the automobile, but a certain emphasis is lacking for the following: Serious and concerted efforts to design vehicles that operate on stored electric energy, perhaps because this will require a radical departure from the automobile concept as we know it when profits and economics still makes sense. Efforts to make the servicing and maintenance of automobiles present lower environmental impacts. Although legislation now constrains automobile manufacturers to assume responsibility for recycling automobile components and automobiles at the end of service life, manufacturers have avoided presenting clearly how they intend to do this. Thus, it is not yet clear if recycling and reclamation of automobile parts and automobiles will not have complex environmental i mpacts that may exacerbate the environmental impact of the automobile over its life cycle. Contents Part 1: Research Report Introduction 1 Approaches to Environmental Management for the Automobile Industry 2 Operational Aspects of Environmental Management for the Automobile Industry 5 End-of-Life Regulation and Recovery Technology for Automobiles 10 Best Practices for Environmental Management in the Automobile Industry 13 Conclusion 17 Bibliography / References 20 List of Figures Figure 1: Product Environmental Performance Indicators for an Automobile Spare Part 9 Figure 2: Toyota’s Environmental Action Plan 15 Part 2: Personal Reflection on Team Presentations Introduction 27 Reflections 28 Conclusion 32 Bibliography / References 33 (This page intentionally left blank) Part 1: Research Report Introduction In the present day and age, the automotive industry must confront the twin threats of economic and environmental pressures (Wells, 2010, Pp. 1 – 10). According to Wel ls (2010, Pp. 1 – 10), not only is the world now recovering from a burgeoning economic slowdown, but also the pressures imposed on the planet by human activities is now reaching critical levels with threats to the environment and the ecosystem compounding problems. The future presents a broad decline in fossil fuel production and a decline in natural reserves to satisfy the vivacious appetite of humanity. With more than one billion vehicles populating earth, the globe is accelerating towards the

Facial Trauma Among Patients With Head Injuries

Facial Trauma Among Patients With Head Injuries Facial Trauma among patients with head injuries Dr. Shazia Yasir*, Dr. Faisal Moin, Dr. Muneer Sadiq ABSTRACT Introduction: Facial trauma is without a doubt a most challenging area for any emergency physician. Despite many researches and advances in the understanding of multiple techniques; initial assessment and management of facial injuries in emergency and early stages remained a complex area for patient care. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of facial trauma among patients with head injuries that may help emergency department physicians to deliver accurate and quick diagnosis and decision. Trauma to this region is often associated with mortality and morbidity and varying degree of physical and functional damage. Study Design: Prospective Cross-sectional Descriptive Study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Emergency Medicine, Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi from four months from Feb 2014 to May 2014. Methodology: This study was conducted at Ziauddin university hospital emergence medicine department. It is a prospective cross sectional descriptive hospital based study. 115 patients who were diagnosed of having head injuries were included in this study. Information on age, sex and cause of injury was taken for each case. Each patient was then examined for the presence of facial trauma using the CT 3D face. Data was analyzed using the SPSS program. Result: Out of 115 patients, 85 (74%) were males and 30 (26%) were females. A total of 59 (51%) patients were between 15 – 30 years of age; 26 (23%) were aged between 31 – 50; and 30 (26%) were above 51 years of age. 76% patients had facial trauma where head injuries were evident. 63% female and 80% male had facial trauma where head injuries were found in patients. Out of these 115 patients majority were involved in road traffic accidents and are from the age group 15 – 30 and predominantly male. Conclusion: Based on the study conducted; it is safe to conclude that patients who have facial trauma associate with head injuries are young males and is mainly caused by road traffic accident. The result might vary by governmental, culture or social differences. Key words: Facial Trauma; Head Injuries; emergency department _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Trauma is a type of injury where external force is being applied suddenly and violently at the body which causes a serious injury [1]. A head injury in human body is any trauma that can cause injury of scalps, brain or skull. The injury could be a minor bruise or serious injury on the head and brain injury [2]. Some injuries can result in prolonged or unrecoverable brain damage. The injury can cause bleeding inside the brain or forces that damages the brain directly. The most common cause of head injuries are road traffic accidents, fall, physical assault or others. These accidents can occur at home, work, outdoors, sports or many other places. Head injuries are commonly associated with facial trauma; often result from high energy blunt force injury to facial skeleton. Typical mechanisms of trauma include motor vehicle accidents, altercation and fall [3]. - PG Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ziauddin University Hospital, North Campus, Karachi * Correspondence Email: [emailprotected] The face is vital to human appearance and function. Facial injuries can impair a patients ability to eat, speak, interact with others, and perform other important functions. Facial injuries may be caused by a direct blow, penetrating injury, or fall. Pain may be sudden and severe. Bruising and swelling may develop soon after the injury [11]. METHODOLOGY This study was carried out at the department of emergency medicine, Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Patients of either gender with more than 15 years of age presenting to Ziauddin Hospital Karachi who were diagnosed of having head injuries were selected. Patients who gave the history of previous head trauma were not included in this study, this aimed at avoiding some ambiguity during examination as to whether the encountered trauma was the result of the recent head injury or previous underlying trauma. Each patient was then examined for the presence of facial trauma, using 3D CT scan. A 3D CT scan, or a three-dimensional computerized tomography scan, is a type of x-ray that allows high quality images of organs, blood vessels, and bones to be recorded in a very short amount of time. The individual CT images are then layered together to form a virtual model of the body. It is able to reveal the functionality of many of the anatomical structures in the body, in addition to structural defects, tumors, and lesions [12]. The obtained data was checked for completeness and clarity then entered into the computer and analysis was performed using Statistical package for social sciences program (SPSS). Chi –square test (X2) will be carried out and significant level p RESULT A Total of 115 patients with head trauma were included in the study. The gender distribution of the study population is as shown in Table 1 below. Table 1:- There were 85 (74%) males and 30 (26%) females. The age distribution of the study population is as shown in Table 2 below. Table 2:- There were 59 (51%) cases between ages 15 – 30, 26 (23%) cases with ages from 31 – 50 years males and 30 (26%) with age over 51 years old. The presence of facial trauma according to gender is shows in table 3. Out of 115 patients monitored, 19 female have facial trauma out of 30 which consist of 63% female, while 68 male patients have facial trauma with head injuries out of 85 which make 80% of male population. The total of 76% patients has facial injuries where head injuries were evident. Table 3:- Presence of facial trauma according to gender The presence of facial trauma according to age is shows in table 4 along with graphical representation. Out of 115 patients monitored, 59 patients were between ages 15 – 30. From these 59 patients 51 have facial trauma where head injuries were evident, this make 86% of the population. The patients between 31 – 50 years of ages were 26, where only 14 were found to have facial trauma which makes 54% of the population. The patients over 51 years of age were 30 where 22 were found to have facial trauma which makes 73% of the population. Table 4:- Presence of facial trauma according to age Table 5 shows prevalence of facial trauma by gender according to the causes of injuries. Out of 87 patients where facial trauma was also observed 11% female had it because of road traffic accident comparing to 39% male. Fall in female was 9% comparing to 17% male; no assault in female was observed while 14% male had facial trauma during assault. Table 6 below shows the details of prevalence of facial trauma by age according to cause of injury. The detail shows higher number of road traffic accident, followed by fall, assault and other causes of injuries. DISCUSSION Head injuries causes hospitalization of 200 – 300 patients per 100,000 population per year worldwide. A head injury associated with facial trauma comprises a number of complications, such as sequestrum formation, sinusitis, nasolacrimal duct injuries, facial deformity and injury to or entrapment of the globe. Trauma is very well known to be the main cause of death in first forty years of life. Facial trauma can be very dangerous as this could impact the essential parts of the body like speech, respiration, vision or smell so special attentions and importance should be given to facial trauma patients [13]. An international study was done in France to determine the types of facial injuries; 25.4% of the injuries were aged between 21 – 30 years. Sex ratio was 2.7M/1F. The most frequent cause was sports injuries (25.8%); followed in decreased order by traffic injuries (23.1%); home injuries (17.6%); fight injuries (3.4%); work injuries (3.4%) and dog bite (3.2%) [4]. Multiple studies conducted that amongst facial trauma the most common sites are nose (50%) [6] and maxillofacial trauma (5%) [5]. In this study 115 patients with head trauma were included with sex ration of 2.8M / 1F which seems to be consistent with previous studies done in different part of the globe [8, 10, 7]. The findings in this study also revealed the most common involving age group was 15 – 30 years of age; which constituted 51% as compared to other age groups. This finding is the same as that done in Nigeria and others in 2010 [42]. The reason for high prevalence of head and facial trauma to this age group (15 – 30 years) as compared to other age group could be related to activities of this age group in economic and social activities which lead to increase in accidents and violence. In this study it was also found that male are slightly more involved as compared to females where by 74% were male patients and 26% were female patients. The most common cause of facial trauma is to be road traffic accidents which involve motor cycle; car and pedestrian while the second most is fall from height. This was similar to previous findings in other studies which shows most common etiologies of injuries were car crash (39%); followed by assaults (28%) with majority are male with age group 15 – 30 years [9]. Observations from multiple studies of different part of the world shows that leading cause of facial trauma associated with head injuries is road traffic accident followed by fall and assault. Based on the study design and area; each study has its precise section of dominance. CONCLUSION This study concludes the prevalence of facial trauma associated with head injuries was 76% and higher age group is 15 – 30 years with 51% than other age group and prevalence of male 59% than female 16% had facial trauma where head injuries were eminent. The common cause is road traffic accident 50% followed by fall 26%, assault 13.7% and others were 9%. CONSENT FOR THE STUDY All patients or relatives were given a necessary explanation about the study before they asked to participate. For those patients who were unconscious, consents were obtained from their relatives. For patients under ages 18 years, informed consents were obtained from their parents/ guardians. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge faculty of Ziauddin Hospital, North Campus for helping us during the study, staff for helping in data collection and all others who have given their input. The study was self funded. REFERENCE Anderson T ,Heitger M, and Macleod AD (2006). Concussion and Mild Head Injury. Practical Neurology : 342–357. Heegaard WG, Biros MH. Head. In: Marx J. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2009:chap. 38 Aksoy E, Unlu E, Sensoz O. A retrospective study on epidemiology and treatment of maxillofacial fractures. J Craniofac Surg. 2002:772-5 Lebeau J, Kanku V, Duroure F, Morand B, Sadek H, Raphaà «l B. Facial injuries treated in the Grenoble University Hospital. 2006;107:23-9 Goodisson, D, MacFarlane, M, Snape, L. Darwish, B, Head injury and associated maxillofacial injuries New Zealand Med J 2004,vol.117 Khan, A. R.,Arif, S., ,J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2005 Vol.17 Hashim H, Iqbal S. Motorcycle accident is the main cause of maxillofacial injuries in the Penang Mainland, Malaysia. 2011;27:19-22. Madubueze CC, Chukwu CO, Omoke NI, Oyakhilome OP. Head and neck injuries as seen in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Ozo CInt Orthop. 2010. Bouguila J, Zairi I, Khonsari RH, Jablaoui Y, Hellali M, Adouani A.Epidemiology of maxillofacial traumatology in Tunis. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2008 Khan AA. A retrospective study of injuries to the maxillofacial skeleton in Harare, Zimbabwe. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1988; 26:435-439. Rankin M, Borah GL. Perceived functional impact of abnormal facial appearance. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111:2140. Saigal K, Winokur RS, Finden S, et al. Use of three-dimensional computerized tomography reconstruction in complex facial trauma. Facial Plast Surg 2005; 21:214. Motamedi MH: An assessment of maxillofacial fractures: a 5-year study of 237 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003, 61(1):61–64

Slips Of Fate -the Lottery Essay -- essays research papers

Slips of Fate In the short story 'The Lottery'; by Shirley Jackson, the author uses irony to expand on a theme of traditions that continue although they are ludicrous and barbaric. 'Like a lamb to slaughter'; comes to mind for both the characters in this story and the reader. The characters are honoring a tradition that is handed down to them from former generations. The reader is led through the seemingly normal and quaint little village, and is taken on a ride of ironic horror as they slowly grasp the eventual fate of one inhabitant of the village. The title 'The Lottery'; implies a contest with a winner of some kind, like a sweepstakes. When in reality the winner is actually the loser or person that will die by stoning. The village, by all appearances, seems to be a normal and ordinary place with its inhabitants meeting in a square with festival like intentions. However, the villagers know fully that when the drawing is over, one person in the community will die. Nonetheless, it is tradition. The atmosphere is casual yet anxious. Tessie Hutchinson arrives late because she 'clean forgot'; what day it is. It seems impossible to the reader that anyone would forget a day like lottery day. Her procrastination is logical but her excuse is lame. Mrs. Dunbar tells her son, 'I wish they'd hurry.'; Her anxiousness seems due to dread. She wants the dreaded hour over and done with. However, Mr. Summers states 'Let's finish quickly.'; as if there are other more important tasks that ...

Information Technology Ethics Issues Article Summary Essay

Message With today’s advances in technology, software development and usage is paramount. Software connects computer’s hardware to users. Without software, computers would be useless. Unfortunately due to the complex nature and high demand for many software systems, the prices have sharply risen. A Seattle man, Rex Yang and a few friends decided they could capitalize on this high demand, high price market. To keep their overhead down and maximize on profits, the group chose a less than ethical route. According to an article in Forbes, Yang and the other participants in the software scam worked since 2009, obtaining and selling fraudulent product activation keys for Microsoft and other software programs through e-commerce websites. The participants traded product key codes over email and wired money to each other between different bank accounts. They allegedly operated a series of ecommerce sites, claiming to be selling the product activation keys legally, and received many â€Å"cease and desist† letters from Microsoft. It is thought the group may have made at least $30 million in profits over the years. That surge in profit from pirated software began to fall apart in 2013. In April 2013, Homeland Security Investigation Agents, received a tip that the owner of a company called â€Å"Software Slashers† was selling counterfeit computer software and DVDs, mostly from China. Through the investigation, Yang’s wrongdoing was uncovered. Although no criminal charges have been filed to date, the process of seizing property has begun. At the end of 2014, HSI Special Agents began seizing bank accounts and assets connected to the pirated software. Over $7 million in liquid assets (as shown in the table below) were taken; CASH BITCOIN LITECOIN 7,000,000 105 900 In addition, the following items were also seized; Vehicles, including a Porsche Gold and Silver Four Rolex watches (one studded with diamonds) A Diamond ring The seizure of property is often the first step in these investigations, eventually leading into criminal preceding. Software piracy is taken very seriously in the United States, and companies do not take kindly to others stealing their software and activation codes. This group of unethical individuals will most certainly face a legnthy prison term and possible the liability of restitution.

Letter Writing Etiquette

Letter Writing Etiquette A letter that is well written is becoming harder and harder to find. Slang, computer email-lingo and bad grammar have moved in and become second nature in our way of writing. Always remember that when writing a letter your words cannot be taken back once sent. People often say or do things on impulse based on emotion and letter writing is no different. Just as one may walk away from an argument to cool down or think things over before responding, one needs to also put a letter down and wait before sending it. Make sure you take the time to read over what has been written before actually putting it in the mail. Letter writing etiquette is one of the most valuable lessons a person can learn in their lives. You may say it’s just a bunch of words on paper†¦well, when a letter arrives at its destination it may be the only impression the reader gets of you. As with anything else, it’s important to give the reader a good picture of who you are through your writing. This is why letter writing etiquette is really an essential tool for everyone to know. No matter what kind of letter you are writing, whether it’s a personal or a business letter, letter writing etiquette applies to both kinds. The first thing you want to do is to give thought to your writing. Consider carefully how you want to come across to the recipient of your letter. Use proper wording to express your thoughts or feelings. Many times a letter can be brought back out at a later date, as proof of your character and it may actually be a result of writing under duress or extreme emotion. Not a reflection of who you truly are. So, before writing, jot down ideas and thoughts then develop them into sentences and paragraphs. Once you’ve done this, put it aside and read it again after a few hours or days before you actually send it in the mail. In order to make your writing easy for the reader to follow, letter writing etiquette suggests writing in a certain order. Begin at the beginning of your story or problem and go forward from there. Don’t jump around from the present to past and back again. This confuses your readers and throws them off of what you are trying to tell them. Make your presentation clear and easy to understand. Stay with shorter sentences and use descriptive words to convey your meaning. Following good letter writing etiquette will keep you from sounding long-winded and dull. It will keep the reader interested and reading quickly through the paper to find out the ending. Another part of letter writing etiquette that cannot be ignored is grammar. When you allow grammatical errors to fill a page, you’ll distract the reader. Every time they read across something that is grammatically wrong, their brain will stop and focus on the thing that just looks wrong. Mentally their brain will note this error and it takes them away from the actual point that you may be trying to get across in your letter. If a letter is full of grammatical errors then you run the risk of losing your reader completely. They may stop reading before they ever get to the end where you may have some important conclusion statements for them. Letter writing etiquette is something that everyone should make time to learn. Sending letters is an extension of showing whom we are and bad grammar and writing will only show the readers that you are one that doesn’t need to be taken seriously. Not only that, but a letter sent in anger full of insults and threats will only serve to show you in a negative light that can be used against you at anytime. Take the time to learn good letter writing etiquette. You’ll find that it will come in handy many times in your life.

Free Essays on Computer Crimes is Increasing

Computer Crime Is Increasing A report discussing the proposition that computer crime has increased dramatically over the last 10 years. Introduction Computer crime is generally defined as any crime accomplished through special knowledge of computer technology. Increasing instances of whites of these types of crimes are complex embezzlements that might occur over long periods of time, or when a computer operator uses a computer to steal or alter valuable information from an employer. Variety and Extent Since the first cases were reported in 1958, computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud, theft, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage, espionage, murder, and forgery. One study of 1,500 computer crimes established that most of them were committed by trusted computer users within businesses i.e. persons with the requisite skills, knowledge, access, and resources. Much of known computer crime has consisted of entering false data into computers. This method of computer crime is simpler and safer than the complex process of writing a program to change data already in the computer. Now that personal computers with the ability to communicate by telephone are prevalent in our society, increasing numbers of crimes have been perpetrated b... Free Essays on Computer Crimes is Increasing Free Essays on Computer Crimes is Increasing Computer Crime Is Increasing A report discussing the proposition that computer crime has increased dramatically over the last 10 years. Introduction Computer crime is generally defined as any crime accomplished through special knowledge of computer technology. Increasing instances of whites of these types of crimes are complex embezzlements that might occur over long periods of time, or when a computer operator uses a computer to steal or alter valuable information from an employer. Variety and Extent Since the first cases were reported in 1958, computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud, theft, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage, espionage, murder, and forgery. One study of 1,500 computer crimes established that most of them were committed by trusted computer users within businesses i.e. persons with the requisite skills, knowledge, access, and resources. Much of known computer crime has consisted of entering false data into computers. This method of computer crime is simpler and safer than the complex process of writing a program to change data already in the computer. Now that personal computers with the ability to communicate by telephone are prevalent in our society, increasing numbers of crimes have been perpetrated b...

Jihad Religion and Theology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jihad Religion and Theology - Research Paper Example Jihad therefore means fighting to have a positive attitude towards Allah’s teachings, and determining to follow them (Khan 48). There are four known form of jihads according to Islamic scholars’ opinions. There is the Jihad of the heart, Jihad of the tongue, jihad of the hand and jihad of the sword. Some people have taken the word to mean â€Å"Holly War†. They therefore have taken advantage of this word, to expand Islamic boundaries and influence. Some Muslims have used such war to fight physically against other non-Muslim people and countries. Jihad started back in the time of Prophet Muhammad. At that time, Muslims had to protect themselves when Prophet Muhammad was moving from Makkah to Madinah where he lived until he died. At that time in Makka, Muslims were in extreme danger, and the chances of their eradication were high. At this point, they gave them permission to guard themselves by afflicting those who were oppressing them violently. The holly Qurâ€⠄¢an allows Muslims address the concerns of aggressive neighbors since God will sustain them. However, it outlaws them thus; they should not exceed their limits. They should maintain discipline by avoiding hurting the blameless. Apparently, according to Qur’an, the Jihad that necessitates the fight within one’s self is the greatest Jihad. ... Muslims should pray for their enemies and those who shun God. Additionally, the jihad of the heart requires that, Muslims should love their fellow Muslims, and feel the brotherhood of faith, which connects them with other Muslims worldwide. Through faith, Muslims should believe that the people of devotion to Allah are in one tent that is different from those of unbelievers. This is so, until God grants the Islamic nation, one regime, which will join all Muslims under this nation, God willing (Anwar 219). The jihad of the heart is a reticent kind of jihad. This happens when Muslims see a person sinning and they think that confronting the person is not wise; they can just silently reject the injustice. Furthermore, Muslims can engage in this kind of jihad by praying constantly, fasting accordingly, and memorizing the Koran. Apparently, Muslims believe that by practicing all this, Allah with his angels will always be close to them. According to Islam, these practices are jihad because; they are all efforts to bring a believer close to Allah. Jihad of the Tongue After the Muslims have achieved purity of spirits, they can conduct the Jihad of the Tongue. This is the kind of jihad where Muslims spread the word of Allah by preaching to other Muslims and non-Muslims. This Jihad is for the most daring Muslims, as they ought to tackle the non-believers with the use of Koran. They ask the non-believers to try to read Koran expecting that they will believe whatever it says. Since this kind of Jihad requires more effort than the Jihad of the heart, which involves keeping to thoughts to ones self, Muslims believe that it receive more reward in heaven. Jihad of the hand After Muslims have successfully gone through the â€Å"Jihad of the heart†, and the

The Arranged Marriage or Love Marriage Research Paper

The Arranged Marriage or Love Marriage - Research Paper Example Love and arranged marriages can take other forms including polygamy which is a form of marriage where a man marries more than one woman or a woman getting married to more than one man. However, in 1862, Abraham Lincoln made polygamy a criminal offence in the United States as well as persons who were in such relationships were innumerable (Batabyal and Beladi, 2002). Nonetheless, there was a belief that an individual must have had more than one partner so they could go to heaven. Polygyny is a marriage with more than one partner at the same time and polyandry is a woman who (Applbaum, 1995) marries more than one man at the same time (Gupta, 1976). Endogamy is marriage to several wives or husbands from the same family, community, tribe, or social group. Since the advent of marriage, marriage scenarios have immensely changed across different cultures and societies across the world. Women have since been given equal marriage right has men. During the medieval period, women were faced full responsibility of their marriages and religion. On numerous occasions, marriages have been significantly pegged on other several reasons other than love. In some cases, economic liaison was taken to be the main reason behind marriages. In most cases, there were dowry as well as proxy marriages. In the case of dowry marriages, bride and his family are expected to pay dowry to the family of the groom. The dowry may be in the form of money or present (Applbaum, 1995). However, there some cultures that requires the groom’s family to pay dowry to the bride. Significantly, few marriages in the world require any sort of courtship or dating. Despite differences in nature and types of marriages, the culture of engagement ring is a universal customary i n marriage. The use of engagement ring can be traced back from the ancient Roman. There was a belief that the roundness of the ring represented the concept of an eternal relationship (Gupta, 1976). Additionally, there is a belief that the ring and the adorn finger ring directly connects the nerves and the heart. Marriage is considered a secret bond, as opposed to physical connectivity (Allendorf and Ghimire, 2012). Notably, Saint Paul once compared the marriage relationship to the relationship between Christ and the Church. Arranged marriage This marriage can be traced from the aristocratic and royal families all over the world. Currently, arranged marriages are largely practiced in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Africa, and south Asia (Cherlin, 2004). In the south Asia, arranged marriages are common in nations including India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. Moreover, the practise is also found between the Hasidic Judaism and the Unification Church. Arranged marriage should never be confused with the forced marriage (Gupta, 1976). Arranged